Understanding Geospatial Smartness and Its Connection to GIS and Spatial Thinking
Being geospatially smart means recognizing geographic patterns, understanding spatial relationships, and applying that knowledge to solve real-world problems. It is not limited to technical GIS proficiency. Instead, it reflects a combination of spatial reasoning, contextual awareness, and informed decision-making grounded in geographic thinking.
There is no single standardized test that defines geospatial smartness. Researchers instead examine components of spatial cognition, such as mental rotation, spatial visualization, and navigation strategies. These dimensions help explain how individuals interpret and manipulate spatial information.
Spatial Cognition and the “Map Effect”
Research in cognitive science demonstrates that our brains treat maps differently from abstract geometric objects. Studies using functional MRI have shown that when people mentally rotate maps, motor-processing areas of the brain activate in addition to visual regions. This suggests that spatial reasoning with geographic representations engages embodied thinking — we imagine ourselves moving through space.
This distinction is critical when considering whether digital tools strengthen spatial cognition or simply support visual processing.
Digital Environments and Spatial Skills
Does practice in digital environments improve geospatial smartness? The evidence is nuanced.
Some spatially demanding video games appear to strengthen navigation-related brain regions such as the hippocampus. However, passive or non-spatial gameplay strategies may not produce the same cognitive benefits. Overreliance on satellite navigation tools may even reduce active spatial engagement and confidence.
The key factor is intentional engagement. Technology supports spatial thinking when users actively interpret, question, and analyze space rather than passively following instructions.
GIS as a Support System for Spatial Thinking
The influential National Research Council report Learning to Think Spatially emphasized GIS as a powerful system for supporting inquiry and problem-solving. GIS allows users to analyze real-world phenomena, test hypotheses, and visualize spatial relationships across multiple datasets.
However, the report also highlighted challenges: GIS can be technically complex, intimidating, and difficult to implement effectively in educational settings. Since its publication, web-based GIS platforms have reduced technical barriers, making spatial analysis more accessible to broader audiences.
Measuring the Impact of GIS on Learning
Empirical studies show promising but mixed results:
- Students using GIS often demonstrate improved understanding of geographic concepts.
- Gains in abstract spatial abilities (such as mental rotation) are less consistently observed.
- Learners with stronger initial spatial skills sometimes benefit most from GIS-based instruction.
These findings suggest that GIS is not a guaranteed pathway to enhanced spatial cognition. Instead, outcomes depend on pedagogy, content, and learner engagement — often framed within the Technology-Pedagogy-Content Knowledge (TPACK) model.
Paper Maps and Digital Maps
Research comparing paper and digital map use has found no consistent superiority of one over the other in developing spatial reasoning skills. Both formats can support geospatial smartness when learners engage deeply with spatial problems.
The distinction lies not in the medium but in the cognitive processes activated during use.
Conclusion
Geospatial smartness is best understood as a habit of mind rather than a technological outcome. It includes spatial awareness, pattern recognition, contextual reasoning, and the ability to apply geographic knowledge to decisions and real-world challenges.
GIS and digital tools can support the development of these skills, but they do not automatically create them. Meaningful spatial engagement — whether through paper maps, digital platforms, or real-world exploration — remains the central driver of geospatial intelligence.
